The Literary Offences Of Fenimore Cooper - 2047 Words

The definition of art has been debated time and time again, but there is still not a concrete line drawn between what is defined as art and what is not. However, there are certain works of art that set the example for what other works of art should contain. Specifically, according to Ernest Hemingway, an American author from the early twentieth century, â€Å"all modern American literature comes from one book by Mark Twain called Huckleberry Finn. American writing comes from that. There was nothing before. There has been nothing as good since†. In other words, Hemingway stated that Mark Twain had laid the foundation for modern American writers who strive to create works of art through literature. Twain directly refers to how a work of literature should constitute art in his essay â€Å"The Literary Offenses of Fenimore Cooper† where he criticizes Deerslayer for not reaching the requirements of literary art that Twain describes. He stresses the idea that everything in th e literary work should â€Å"accomplish something and arrive somewhere†, have correct and definite personage that makes sense, care about the characters in the story, and have proper diction. In Mark Twain’s The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn, he successfully applies the appropriate aesthetic and literary values that he holds literature to in his essay on the violation of literary art in Fenimore Cooper’s Deerslayer through his purposeful portrayal of Huckleberry Finn and his endeavors. Mark Twain’s aesthetic and literaryShow MoreRelated Mark Twains Personality Revealed in His Writing Essay2171 Words   |  9 PagesMark Twains Personality Revealed in His Writing Literary artists refuse to be categorized, defined, and completely fathomed by any standardized paradigm, but a writers work exhibits his or her personality traits. Though authors are incapable of being defined by mere personality traits, literary accomplishments, and literary criticisms, an authors personality can be used to sketch a limited definition of his or her literature. Mark Twains literature manifests his personalitys candor, graphicnessRead More Examining Mark Twains Work to Determine If He Was Racist Essay4909 Words   |  20 Pagesversion of Mark Twain: Collected Tales, Sketches, Speeches, and Essays Twain picked up the ugly habit of depicting the corrupt American as ‘colored’ or ‘slavish’ in the 1880’s (Ladd 101). Although this type of speech was in vogue within the ‘eastern literary establishment’ of that time Twain’s adoption of their terminology is unsuitable for contemporary dialog. I cannot defend those statemen ts effectively without the ability to read them in context but Twain could’ve been alluding to the colored politiciansRead MoreA Mirror For A Flawed Society2115 Words   |  9 Pagesreality. Finn’s status as one of the first novels in the American realist style contrasts the previous works of that time from Romantic European style, which often exaggerates the virtues and aspects of the main characters. In Twain’s Fenimore Cooper’s Literary Offences, he argues that Deerstalker â€Å"has...no seeming of reality,† in accordance with the book’s romantic style and he urges readers to re-examine Deerstalker and the books like it as he writes concerning the characters,â€Å"by their acts and words

Business in Singapore - 30736 Words

Doing Business in Singapore DOING BUSINESS IN SINGAPORE 1 CONTENTS 3 4 11 FOREWORD INTRODUCTION - Getting to know Singapore OVERVIEW OF LEGAL ENVIRONMENT - Legal Framework - Handling Civil Disputes - Employment - Immigration - Competition Act - Singapores Free Trade Agreement (FTAs) STARTING A BUSINESS BANKING RELATIONSHIP IN SINGAPORE - Introduction to the Financial Landscape in Singapore - Banking in Singapore - Business Credit Facilities - Business Protection TYPES OF BUSINESS ORGANISATIONS - Sole Proprietorships and General Partnerships - Limited Liability Partnerships - Limited Partnerships - Companies - Joint Ventures - Foreign Companies - Representative Offices - Incorporating a Company - Annual Requirements for†¦show more content†¦Geography Singapore is an island that lies just off the southern tip of the Malay Peninsula between the South China Sea and the Indian Ocean. Its strategic location on major sea lanes has provided the country with an economic importance in Southeast Asia. Singapore is often considered as a base for global enterprises looking to expand into Asia and Asian enterprises looking for global connectivity. Located at the heart of Asia, Singapore is sitting at the centre of business opportunities. Having the four key attributes - Trust, Knowledge, Connected and Life, Singapore is being positioned as an ideal city to Work, Live and Play. Singapore was ranked first in Mercer’s Quality of Living Survey 2009. ii. Working in Singapore Singapore has a capitalised mixed economy. Having strong international trade links, Singapore possesses one of the most open economies for international trade and investment. Singapore offers foreign investors a pro-business environment, excellent infrastructure, highly-skilled and cosmopolitan labour force, and a robust legal/judicial system. These competitive factors have set Singapore apart from other locations, winning several accolades including:  § The world’s easiest place to do business (Doing Business 2011 Report, World Bank);  § Best Business Environment in Asia Pacific and world-wide (Country Forecasts, December 2009, Economist Intelligence Unit);  § World leader in foreign trade and investment (TheShow MoreRelatedStarting a Spa Business in Singapore813 Words   |  3 PagesStarting a Spa Business in Singapore Despite the economic crisis, health and wellness sector in Singapore has always recorded a steady growth starting from S$140 million a year. The factor causing the high amount of revenue is due to high tourist arrivals and the increase in wealth of individuals. People are more willing to part with their money in return for exotic treatments and multiple-treatment packages. There has also been a 63% increase in the number of spas since 2003. Due to the potentialRead MoreOpening a Business in Singapore462 Words   |  2 PagesThe law allows any person above the age of 18 to register a company in Singapore. Types of company formations Before you can dream of registering your company you must know the different types of Singapore company formations and know the requirements needed for each and every type of formation. There are several types of company formations including sole proprietorships, partnerships, public companies and limited companies. Different types of companies have different sets of laws governing theirRead MoreA Brief Note On Singapore And Conduct Business1310 Words   |  6 PagesDOING BUISESS IN SINGAPORE The reason we are going to Singapore is to conduct business. With that being said, it is important to learn the way business is conducted in the nation of Singapore. Subtle differences in the approach can potentially make or break a deal. We have to be knowledgeable about their customs in order to avoid offense. Greetings Greetings follow a strict protocol based off of ethnic origin and race. The elders are always introduced first. Elders may or may not be accustom toRead MoreSingapore Airlines And The Business Industry1625 Words   |  7 PagesSingapore Airlines (SIA) is one of the leading companies in the airline industry. They are well-known for their customer service. The basis of the philosophy of SIA is the fact that the quality of service will decide the success or failure of an organization. The management believes in providing value for the money the passengers pay. They recognize the vital role of the employees in this endeavor (Wyckoff, 1989). A well-managed organization considers satisfied and motivated employees as the basicRead MoreStarting a Food-and-Beverage Business in Singapore597 Words   |  2 Pagesbusinesses in Singapore, after recoding a massive growth in the last 5 years. The statistics shows that right from the 4,489 established in the 2005, this number has significantly inc reased to over 6,197 in the year 2010. If you want to enjoy the high returns in this industry, you need to make sure that you have the necessary tools that will make you enter the market and gain profits. The following are some of the tips that you need to know on how to how to start an FB outlet in Singapore: 1. You needRead MoreEssay on Global Business Cultural Analysis: Singapore5463 Words   |  22 Pages Global Business Cultural Analysis: Singapore Business 604 B22-International Business Abstract This research paper will conduct a comprehensive Global Business Cultural Analysis of the nation of Singapore. The paper will point out the complexities of the relationship the US should consider before deciding to conduct business in Singapore. The analysis will explore the major elements and dimensions of Singapore’s culture, how these elements andRead MoreGeneral Culture And Business Etiquette. The Culture In1517 Words   |  7 PagesGeneral Culture and Business Etiquette The culture in Singapore could be described as authoritarian, pragmatic and rational due to the types of cultures that reside there. Although the main business language is English, there are some important customs to take note of before traveling to, or doing business with, Singapore. The main cultural traditions in Singapore are linked to India, China, and Malaysia, and Singaporeans are known to be loyal business partners with a strong trade foundation inRead MoreWhy Singapore Attracts Foreign Entrepreneurs and Firms720 Words   |  3 PagesWhy Singapore Attracts Foreign Entrepreneurs and Firms? Singapore’s quality lifestyle fascinates the world. Its unbelievable evolution as world’s leading business and finance hub persuaded Jim Rogers, an American-born businessman and Wall Street giant, to move to Singapore in 2007. This country is now best known for living peacefully with cultural diversity, offering a safe living environment to its residents, tax facilities, a world class business community and a very stable lifestyle. Read MoreShangri-La Pest Analysis1262 Words   |  6 PagesPolitical Singapore government has always been in favour of the tourism sector. In fact, Singapore Tourism Board (STB) launched a $90million BOOST (building on opportunities to strengthen tourism) for the tourism sector). The initiative help pushed the industry through tough times by assisting MICE (Meetings, Incentives, Conventions, Exhibition) companies to alleviate their business costs (Singapore Tourism Board, 2009). Not too long ago, the Singapore government cooperated with Indonesia to developRead MoreSingapore And The New Xyz Co. Singapore1259 Words   |  6 Pagesourselves by working abroad at the new XYZ Co. Singapore branch. We understand this is an important endeavor for the company and we aim to surpass our target goals reached in St. Louis. Because we are entering unfamiliar territory, I have researched three key topics that are pinpointed in this document: Hofstede’s Value Dimensions, doing business in Singapore and everyday living. Adjusting our current procedures to the standards and norms of Singapore will be essential to our success in this foreign

Horizontal Integration free essay sample

Competition G Information, communication and multimedia Medal Vertical and horizontal integration in the media sector and EX. competition law Miguel Mended Premier* The CIT and Media sectors within the E Ponca Framework U. L. B. -SIMI (Studies on Media, Information and Telecommunications) CEASE-Norwegian School of Management, Oslo Telethon Broadcast Brussels, 7 April 2003 OUTLINE Introduction l. Convergence and integration 1 . Technical convergence 2. Economic convergence 3. Efficiencies II. Competition Issues 1. The competitive arena 2.Foreclosure 3. The dominance test Ill. Vertical Integration 1. 2. 3. 4. The gate-keeper issue Foreclosure of input markets Leveraging Network effects IV. Horizontal integration 1. General assessment 2. The Newsroom/Tell; case 3. The MME/Tale Warner case V, Remedies 1. The balance between efficiencies and foreclosure 2. Remedies in the Newsworthiness; case 3. Remedies in the cases Veined/Seagram/Canal Plus, Pizzazz and AOL/Time Warner Conclusion * Administrator, European Commission/G Competition/MedIa unit. Lecturer at the Law school of the university of Lisbon.The pollens expressed are purely personal and only engage the author. Vertical and horizontal Integration In the media sector and EX. competition law M. Mended Premier Ladies and Gentlemen, I wish first of all to thank the SIMI Center and Telethon for inviting me to speak here today. I intend to give you a brief overview of the competition Issues raised by vertical and horizontal Integration of companies In the media sector. I will start by referring to the convergence trend in the media and telecommunications sectors and its link to the concentration wave we have witnessed during these past three years.I will then highlight the main competition issues which his type of operations raise from a theoretical point of view. I will subsequently address the issues linked specifically to vertical as well as to horizontal integration, and conclude by illustrating how the European Commission has dealt with these problems by means of remedies accepted as a condition for the approval of this type of concentrations. In so doing, I will refer to a number of cases recently assessed by the Commission such as Outlet Warner, MME/Tale Warner.Pizzazz, Veined/ Seagram/Canal Plus and, decided just last week, Newsroom/Teller;. L. CONVERGENCE main driving forces behind the recent changes occurred in the media and telecoms industries. However, as it so frequently happens with notions that turn into buzzwords, the many meanings attributed to the term convergence are often ambiguous and, as such, unhelpful in order to describe the evolution of the media and telecoms industries. Let me therefore turn, first of all, to the two meanings of the term convergence that I consider to be most relevant from a competition law point of view. . Technical convergence Technical convergence mainly concerns the possibilities offered by digital technology. Those possibilities are reflected, for example, in the infra-structures required to deliver contents like movies or music. With the current digital technology, huge amounts of data may be transmitted to a high number of users through different networks (mobile networks, Internet, satellite). This allows for the denationalization of media products traditionally sold as physical products newspapers, films, Cads) by transforming them into packages of bytes.At the same time, digital technology allows for the convergence of traditionally separate media into a single product, putting together text, sound, video and voice in what has come known as multimedia. Access to TV broadcasting, or rather webmaster, on the Internet is already nowadays a reality and listening to an MPH music file on a cellular phone is nothing new. 2. Economic convergence Audio-visual products were never cheap but the growing competition induced by the proliferation of TV channels has Inflated production costs.For example, the by now famous saga The Lord of the Rings has had reported costs of ? 278 million. In order to have an idea of the recent increase in the price for audio-visual contents it is sufficient to compare, for example, he price paid for broadcasting rights of the Football World Cups of 199 0, 1994 and 1998 241 million SEC with the price paid for the same rights in respect of the Nor Cups of 2002 and 2006 1,7 billion Euro. Only large companies seem to be able to afford such astronomical costs. Vertical and horizontal integration in the media sector and EX. competition law M.In face of economic barriers of such dimension, media companies have shown a trend towards concentration. 3. Efficiencies What appeared to be particularly new about these alliances and mergers in the media industry was the search of not only he traditional economies of scale but, above all, the search of economies of scope. This translated into an attempt to use the same product in a number of different Nays: pure entertainment and telecommunication, or entertainment and information, or information and telecommunication. From an economic point of view, economies of scope basically translate in lower Average Total Costs as a result of producing a Med range of products. The main feature of this type of concentrations is the vertical Integration of the different levels of production and distribution of media products sister them in DVDs or CDC and distribute them not only to brick and mortar shops but also through the cable, satellite or mobile telephony networks they own. Vertically integrated companies are in a position to exploit their products at every single level of the value chain. Create Once, Place Everywhere! Seemed to be the motto for the media industry during the Internet bubble, illustrating the need for media producers to place their products in the largest possible number of different platforms. This was the underlying reason for alliances and mergers between impasses which are active in sectors of the economy that used to be separate like television and telecommunications. Operations lik e AOL/Time Warner, Veined/ Universal, Veined/Avoidance for the setting up of portal Pizzazz or the acquisition of Dutch entertainment producer Model by the Spanish telecoms company Telephonic clearly illustrate this trend.It should be said that, to a large extent, the ratio underlying some of these operations Nas a deep faith in the Internet potential and a strong belief in the synergies resulting from cross-supply between different technical platforms belonging to the name vertically integrated company. The burst of the dotcom bubble showed how some of these expectations were possibly premature. We now start seeing some of the vertically integrated groups selling off some of their units (AOL/TWO or Veined/ Universal) and witness consolidation caused by heavy losses incurred during these past few years.Such is the case of the pay-TV industry, as illustrated by the merger in Spain of the platforms Canal Satellite and Via Digital and the merger in Italy between the platforms Stream and Teller;, approved by the Commission Just last week. After erred of extensive vertical integration, we now witness a reflux of horizontal Integration dictated to some extent by financial reasons. II. COMPETITION ISSUES 1 . Ere competitive arena Turning now to the competition issues raised by integration of companies, the first step required in order to understand the forces at play is to determine the perimeter of the competitive arena. What do media companies compete for, whom do they try to sell their products to and how do they intend to do t? Media companies compete for essentially three things. First, they compete for content, which is what they will ultimately sell to their customers. Access to content produced by third parties or the establishment of production facilities is a sine qua non condition for entering or staying in business. Secondly, they compete for the best Nay to deliver such content to customers.Access to delivery channels owned by third parties or 3 the possibility to establish their own paths to the customer is what allows media companies to distribute their output. Finally, they compete for the obvious ultimate addressee of all this competition: the customer. But this is a contest which goes beyond the obvious competition for a onetime sale. Some of the businesses in the Edie telecoms sector (e. G; pay-TV, Internet access), like most IT-driven businesses, basis allows for the progressive development of new services and products and for the consequent increase in ARP .Access to potential clients managed by third parties or the build-up of their own client basis is the ultimate target of media companies. 2. Foreclosure Foreclosure of the competitive arena is a central concern of EX. competition policy in relation to vertical agreements and mergers. Restricted access to input markets (copyrights or contents) or to sales markets (customers, at retail level) may limit inter-brand competition. The extreme example is where a company, as a result of a vertical or horizontal integration, succeeds in simply barring the access to a given market to its competitors.However, in real life foreclosure does not arise in such simplistic terms and mostly materializes by indirect means. For example, by raising rivals costs, by raising barriers to entry or by engaging in tying/ bundling. Tying is particularly relevant in the media and telecoms sectors given that it is often present in explicit (and in most cases, legitimate) commercial offers: for example, a bundled offer of pay-TV and Internet access, or both plus fixed telephony Iso called triple play).The ability to raise rivals costs may easily arise where a dominant firm is in a position ROR acquires such position as a result of a concentration) to control the access by competitors to a given infra-structure or input (a technology or a copyright) and Inhere it has the possibility to charge supra-competitive prices for such access. In the media sector one could think about, for example, access to a satellite platform for TV distribution or to a proprietary standard for Conditional Access System. A company in these circumstances is commonly referred to as a gate-keeper. A central element in the assessment of market power of a company and its possibility of foreclosing a given market is the concept of barriers to entry. Where entry barriers do not exist, easy entry will quickly eliminate the problem, even where the incumbent holds large market shares. Entry barriers might be described as the advantages of established sellers in an industry over potential entrant sellers, these advantages being reflected in the extent to which established sellers can persistently raise their prices above a competitive level without attracting new firms to enter the industry2.Although in cost cases barriers to entry will indeed have an economic nature, they may in some cases assume other forms. Regulation may function as an entry barrier when it provides for the establishment of special rights, for example when only a limited number of licenses is foreseen. This is the case of terrestrial TV and/or radio broadcasting due to spectrum scarcity. 3. The dominance test Most competition law Issues related to vertical and horizontal integration in the media sector have been dealt with by the European Commission under the Merger Regulation, I. . In respect of concentrations notified under the SEC Merger Regulations. As I. Pain, Barriers to Competition, H. IS. P. 1965, p. 3. Council Regulation (SEC) No 4064/89 of 21 December 1989 on the control of concentrations 4 [o know, pursuant to Article 2 (3) of the Merger Regulation, a concentration which creates or strengthens a dominant position as a result of which effective competition Mould be significantly impeded in the common market or in a substantial part of it, shall be declared incompatible with the common market. The test applied by the Commission when assessing these operations was therefore a dominance test. The concept of dominance used under the Merger Regulation is equivalent to the one fined by the Court of Justice in Article 82 cases: The dominant position ( ) relates to a position of economic strength enjoyed by an undertaking which enables it to prevent effective competition being maintained on the relevant market by giving it the power to behave to an appreciable extent independently of its competitors, customers and ultimately of its consumers4. ( Such a position does not preclude some competition, which it does where there is a monopoly or quasi-monopoly, but enables the undertaking which profits by it, if not to determine, at least to have an appreciable influence on the conditions under which that competition will develop, and in any case to act largely in discard of it so long as such conduct does not operate to its detriment. 5 Ill. Vertical integration The reason why vertical integration is a particularly relevant competition issue in the media sector is because many media companies have during these past years actively sought to take vertical Integration as far as possible. This has been a constant between undertakings, CO L 395/1 , 30. 12. 1989, as amended by council Regulation (SEC) NO 1310/97 of 30 June 1997, CO L 40/17, 13. . 1998. SEC], united Brands, case 2176, ECRU [1978] 207. SEC], Hoffman-La Ruche, case 85/76, ECRU [1979] 461. Feature of the concentrations in the media sector assessed by the Commission. The multiplication of the presence of a company throughout a number of markets along the value chain of the product concomitantly multiplies the possibilities for such a company to foreclose one or more of the corresponding markets where the company possesses market power.In these circumstances, vertical integration may in itself raise barriers to entry. A number of recurrent competition issues has arisen in the asses dealt with by the Commission, and I propose to address the most significant ones. 1 . The gate-keeper A gate-keeper role is played by a company possessing a certain infra-structure, technology or know-how allowing it to exert a significant degree of control in respect of the access to a given market.This degree of control is relevant from a competition point of view only where the market power of the gate- keeper is significant and where the infrastructure is a crucial gateway to the market o r where the technology at stake is an essential input for any potential new entrant. A gatekeeper will be able to engage in exclusionary practices visa--visa its competitors recent Newsroom/Teller; cases, concerning the merger of the two Italian pay-TV platforms Stream and Teller;.As a result of the merger, the new entity would become the gate-keeper in respect of the access to the only satellite platform in Italy for the provision of pay-TV distribution services. Furthermore, it would become the gate-keeper in respect of a number of technical services associated to 6 Case COM/ M. 2876 Newsworthiness;. See prior notification nonce in COCO, CHIC, 23. 10. 2002, p. 0; press release IP/02/1782 of 29. 11. 2002; press release IP/03/478 of 02. 04. 2003. 5 45 pay-TV such as Conditional Access Systems, set-top boxes and Electronic Programmer Guides.A gate-keeper issue also arose in the AOL/Time Warner mergers approved in the year 2000. AOL was the leading Internet access provider in the US and the only provider with a presence in most EX. Member States. Time Warner, on the other hand, was one of the worlds largest media and entertainment companies with interests in TV networks, magazines, book publishing, music, filmed entertainment and cable networks. The Commission found that the new entity resulting from the merger would have been able to play a gate-keeper role and to dictate the technical standards for on-line music delivery, I. . Streaming and downloading of music from the Internet. Consequently, AOL/TWO could end up holding a dominant position on the emerging market for on-line music delivery. This could happen in two ways. First, AOL/Time Warner would be in a position to develop a closed proprietary formatting technology for all the downloads and streaming of Time Warner and Bertelsmann tracks. The formatting language of AOL/Time Warner could become an industry tankard and competing record companies wishing to distribute their music on-line Mould be required to format their music using the new entity technology.Because of its control over the relevant technology, the new entity would be in a position to control downloaded music and streaming over the Internet and raise competitors costs through excessive license fees. Alternatively, AOL/Time Warner could format its music (and Bertelsmann) to make it compatible with its own software WinZip only, ensuring at the same time that WinZip could support and play different formats used by other record companies.By formatting its music and the music from Bertelsmann to make them compatible with its own software WinZip only, the ne w entity would cause WinZip to become the only player in the world capable of playing virtually all the music available on the Internet. By refusing to license its technology, the new entity would impose WinZip as the dominant music player as no other player would be able to decode the proprietary format of TWO and Bertelsmann music. As a result of the merger, the new entity would control the dominant player software and could charge supra-competitive prices for it. 2.Foreclosure of input markets A given company may hold a significant degree control primary input at the top of the value chain of the product. In the media industries, this will generally refer to the company producing the audio-visual product (films, music, TV-programmer) and/or holding the corresponding copyrights. The control exerted at the source will become relevant from a competition law point of view Inhere the amount or breadth of products and/or copyrights is such as to allow the company to gain a competitive advantage by means of exclusionary or discriminatory practices visa--visa its competitors.In AOL/Time Warner, for example, the combined entity would not only possess one of the largest music libraries in the world (Warner Music is one of the 5 music majors) but would also, due to contractual links, have preferential access to the libr ary of Bertelsmann Music Group, also part to the group of the 5 music majors. This would result in the combined entity controlling the leading source of music publishing rights in Europe. 6 case COM/M. 1845 AOL,mere Warner, detections of 1 1. 10. 2000, CO L 268/28, 9. 10. 2001. Ere problem was aggravated due to the simultaneous notification of the projected roger between MME and Time Warner. The preferential access by AOL/Time Manner to the music copyrights of MME, Warner and Bertelsmann would have put in the hands of the new entity half of all the music content available in Europe for on- line delivery. A similar problem arose in the Veined/Seagram/Canal Plus merger in respect of both music and films. Veined was a leading company in the telecommunications and media sector, with interests in mobile telephony networks, cinema production and distribution, and pay-TV services. Seagram was a Canadian company which, among other interests, controlled the Universal music and filmed entertainment businesses.In terms of content, the merged entity would have the Normals second largest film library and the second largest library of TV programming in the EYE. It would also be number one in recorded music combined with an important position in terms of publishing rights in the EYE. The position of Veined/ Universal concerning music rights became particularly relevant in respect of th e pizzas portal, a portal run by a Joint-venture between Veined and Avoidance. The pizzas Joint-venture had itself been notified to the Commission Just some months before the Veined/Universal merger. 3.Leveraging A classic competition concern is the leveraging ability of the parties, I. E. Their ability to transpose their market power given market into a neighboring market, thereby creating or strengthening a dominant position. This problem may become particularly acute in cases where the parties extend their activities into different product or services markets, something that is explicitly sought for by media companies wishing to distribute their products concerns in respect of the ability of the parties to leverage their market power in the market for mobile telephony into the market for mobile Internet access.The stated purpose of the Pizzazz portal was to create a horizontal, multi-access Internet portal, providing customers with a range of web-based services across a variety of platforms PCs, mobile phones, TV set-top boxes). As regards Internet access via mobile phone handsets, the issue arose in respect of the significant market position of Avoidance in the market for mobile telephony in a number of European countries (and of Veined in France). Avoidance and Veined already had a very significant customer basis in these countries and therefore a solid path to the future customers of the JP was already established.On the basis of their client basis for mobile telephony services, the position of the JP-parties in the market for mobile Internet access would be strengthened by the Pizzazz branded and integrated approach to Internet across arioso platforms, which would allow for cross-selling and bundling of offers. This Mould allow the new entity to leverage a strong position in the mobile telephony market into a dominant position on the mobile Internet access market. As regards Internet access via TV set-top boxes, a similarly solid distribution channel was also owned by Canal+ in respect of its customer b asis for pay-TV services.A similar concern therefore arose in respect of the ability of Canal+ leveraging its strong market 7 case COM/M. 1852 Time Warner,Mel, see press Release IP/00/617 of 14. 06. 2000. 9 case COM/M. 2050 Veined/ Seagram, canal Plus, detections of 13. 10. 2000, CO C 311/3, 31 . 10. 2000. 10 Case COM/JP. 48 Avoidance/Veined/Canal Plus, see Press Release Pill )0/821 of 24. 07. 2000. Position in the pay-TV market into the market for Internet access via set-top boxes. He overall concern therefore arose in respect of the ability of both Avoidance and Canal+ to migrate their customer basis from the mobile telephony and pay-TV arrests to the Internet access markets by using the already existing distribution channels. Another clear vertical leveraging issue arose in the Pizzazz case, as regards the buying power of the J-V parties. Already before the operation, Canal+ was an important buyer of content for pay-TV, such as Deprogramming, sports and films. Furthermore, it had a large customer basis accustomed to pay for content.The pizzas portal would combine a powerful new Internet access mechanism with paid- for content. Given the dominant position that the parties would acquire on the Internet access markets which I mentioned before, the operation would allow the arties to leverage their market power in the markets for Internet access into the market for the acquisition of paid-for content for the Internet. Moreover, the structural link between Veined and Canal+ and AOL France (55%) made the concern Ere leverage allowed for by the operation would naturally work in detriment of the parties competitors in the markets for mobile telephony and pay-TV.The concerns Identified in the Pizzazz operation we re strengthened when Veined and Canal+ notified some months later their acquisition of Seagram, the Canadian company owning the music and film business of Universal. The Commission considered that Canal+ would further increase its dominant position on a number of European pay- IV markets at national level. Already before the operation Canal+ enjoyed an almost monopolistic position in respect of the acquisition of the exclusivity on Hollywood films produced by the major studios (in France, Spain and Italy).The acquisition of Universal Studios would further strengthen Canal+s position as purchaser of Hollywood films, not only in respect of Universal itself but also in relation to other studios due to underlying financial links. Due to the vertical integration of Universal and Canal+, Canal+ would be able to average its position in order to secure the renewal of the exclusive agreements for pay-TV with all of the Hollywood studios and in fact also to enter into new deals.The bargaining power of Canal+ visa--visa the film studios would therefore be increased, allowing Canal+ to further foreclose the patty markets where it already was active. 4. Netw ork effects Let me now turn to another issue that often arises in media cases, most notably since convergence with the telecoms industry became a reality: network effects. A network effect may, in simple terms, be described as the self-multiplying power of a network. In economic terms, a network effect occurs when the benefit of an individual who is linked to the network increases with the accession of other individuals.In AOL/Time Warner, the Commission found that the distribution strength of AOL combined with the content of Time Warner and Bertelsmann would create network effects in respect of both content providers and consumers: for content providers, the AOL Internet community would become an essential outlet for the distribution of their products; on their side, consumers, would be deprived of any incentive abandon AOL. The network effects would work both ways: more bickerers would bring more content and more content would bring more subscribers.Newcomers would also be attracted to AOL community because the 8 larger the community, the more the possibilities to chat and communicate through AOL. The reason for this lies at the critical mass of c ontent owned by Time Warner and Bertelsmann (namely their huge music library) combined with the huge Internet community formed by AOL subscribers and the members to its Instant Messaging services. The critical mass of content owned by TWO and Bertelsmann would attract further music from other record companies. Competing record companies would feel obliged to distribute their products through Alls online outlet, which would end up having access to all the available music. Furthermore, AOL would be able to bundle row and Bertelsmann music content (or filmed entertainment content) with Internet that content, allowing for instance its subscribers to access new releases before they Newer made public through other distribution channels. Attractive content such as music or films could also be used as promotional tools or loss-leaders in order to subscribe to Intricateness services.Consequently, the more subscribers AOL would attract, the more important it would become as a carrier for content providers seeking to secure maximum distribution. First mover advantages are particularly strong in network industries. It comes as no surprise that, for example, mobile telephony companies give away, or strongly subsidies, mobile handsets to their customers such as to quickly establish a significant custome r basis leading to increasingly stronger network effects.This circumstance Justifies a particular attention by the Commission when assessing concentrations in the media telecoms Industries. The combination of network effects with a strong market position may significantly raise barriers to entry and consequently lead to market foreclosure. IV. Horizontal integration Competition problems which are specific to the media sector are more likely to be found in cases of vertical integration than in cases of horizontal integration.I would argue that in cases of horizontal integration, the competition issues arising in the media sector are equivalent to the ones to be found in any other sector. The issue basically concerns classic market power and the required exercise translates into measuring such market power with the help of the traditional analytical tools: market shares, barriers to entry, etc. Furthermore, there havent been that many examples of problematic cases of horizontal integration in the media sector dealt with by the Commission.The two most significant examples are probably MME/Time Warner and the recent Newsroom/Teller;. 1 . The Newsroom/ relic; case This concentration was notified to the Commission on 16 October 2002 and was cleared on 2 April 2003, further to the submission by the parties of an extensive package of undertakings. Newsroom, the acquiring firm, is a global media company, which is active in the film and TV industries, publishing (newspapers and kooks) and a number of other areas. It controlled the Italian (satellite) pay-TV platform Stream Jointly with Telecoms Italian.

Week Case Study Essay Example

Week Case Study Paper Look up the paper that started the study of computer security. Prepare a summary of the key points. What in this paper specifically addresses security in areas previously unexamined? The RAND Report R-609-1 was commissioned by the Deputy Director in June 1967 according to www. Linearitys. Com. The report was to study and recommend solutions that would unsure the protection of classified information while allowing multi-level access along with computer sharing capabilities. The report was broken down into four sections. First, the nature of the problem was identified. This identified security problems from the computer systems to lack of security and potential threats. The second part looked at policy considerations and gave recommendations. This section dealt with systems personnel to information structure and ended with system certification recommendations. The third section detailed technical recommendation while the last section detailed management and administrative controls. With the increased and wide spread use of computers in the military, a need for procedures we due. These procedure recommendations revolved around technique and security which had not previously existed on such a broad call. Even with the large scale of operations, there still needed to be some privacy around the system and data that was shared or accessed. Through this study, batch, multiprogramming, and time-shared processing were all recommended for different levels of access and control. Three types of threats to system security were identified. These are accidental access of data, deliberate access of data, and a physical attack on the system. There were recommended safeguards to protect from all three vulnerabilities. This protection had to be identified and secured by the system designer so not APS were missed. We will write a custom essay sample on Week Case Study specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Week Case Study specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Week Case Study specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer These gaps could be in the software, hardware, communication of information and general lack of organization or the organization itself. There were recommended characteristic needs of the system seemed almost too massive to have all at one time. The system had to be flexible in term of performance, responsive to different conditions, dubitable for security breaches, reliable, manageable, adaptable based on sensitivity needs, dependable, while assuring configuration integrity. With all of these demands, a definition list was put together so everyone could be Lear on the document and the interpretation was consistent from person to person. The second part of the study started out with fundamental principles and system personnel. This detailed who could have access to what part of the system and the data. It also identified gate-keepers and administrators with user authentication guidelines. The data was organized and controlled so that any variance was identifiable. All transactions into the system and the activity that took place was logged for transaction accounting. Auto-testing was implemented and sufficient redundancy checks were put in place to ensure data control was not compromised. Input and output parameters were very specific and access was obtained only through several checkpoints in the system. The system was checked, tested, and evaluated often for any fail-points or weaknesses. Inspections were performed by experts to determine if the system was in compliance with pre-determined requirements and regulations. There were three types of certifications that protected the system and access to the system; design certification, installation certification, and recertification. The last part of the report detailed the technical recommendations. Due to the size of the system needed for the data-sharing, the present technology was insufficient and additional safeguards had to be put into place. The central processing hardware had to have user isolation along With protection against unexpected access or conditions. This meant that each user was unique and the program would isolate the data needed for that user. The software had to run with complex programs that allowed sorting and file copying while maintaining security checkpoints. This lead to access controls in different levels of the system. Certain users could only gain access to some information. If an unauthorized user tried to gain access to information Outside their authority, a denial of access Was sent. This also generated a flag to be immediately checked. All these steps and processes were new and now seem to be a very standard practice in the world of computers. Even with the most secure systems, there are still people or even other computer systems trying to gain access to data that they are not authorized to see or control. The cyber world continues to fill up with public and private data at tremendous speeds which will continue to lead the curious hacker to halogen themselves to getting data they should not have. 2. Consider the information stored on your personal computer. For each of the terms listed, find an example and document it: threat, threat agent, vulnerability, exposure, risk, attack, and exploit. Threats this could be a person driving around your neighborhood looking for the insecure network. Threat Agent this could be a hacker that finds the unsecured network with the intentions of installing a worm, computer virus, or some sort of damaging program. Vulnerability This could be an account that has a weak password like 123456. Exposure An example of this is when someone opens and e-mail with a Trojan, worm, or virus attached. Risk This could be an event in which you let someone you dont know very well use your laptop or access a program without good intent. Attack This is what happens when your system has been intentionally or unintentionally exposed to a malicious program or person. Exploit Can be gained at a local level or network level to take advantage of weaknesses or vulnerability in a system. They are used to gain control to a computer system. 3. Using the web, find out who Kevin Nitpick was. What did he do? Who caught him? Write a short summary of his activities and why he is famous. Kevin Nitpick is know that he worlds most famous hacker according to his website (win. Indestructibly. Com). In the early 199(Yes, he proved to be a computer genius that thrived on the breaking into high-profile company computers through the now out-of-date dial-up modem superhighway. He would assume false identities and cover his tracks to out run the FBI and other authorities looking to track him down. He was finally caught and arrested in 1995 by the FBI in his North Carolina apartment, resourced four years later for wire fraud, computer fraud and identity theft. Kevin Nitpick started his computer hacking at a seemingly young age of 15 gaining access to the Los Angles bus system. This lead to him obtaining free rides on the public transport system. His first arrest for hacking came in 1988 when he was convicted of unauthorized access of a computer network in 1979 at the age of 16. This earned him a year in prison. After his release, he continued his hacking using The Condor and The Darkies Hacker as his calling cards. He pushed the limits of his activities and became one of the Bis most wanted. After his arrest in 1995, it took four years to get a conviction. He had a lot of supporter that felt his conviction and incarceration was too harsh which include eight months in solidarity confinement since he was a perceived threat to national security.

Pronouncing the Spanish E Sound

Pronouncing the Spanish E Sound The Spanish vowel e has a sound that can vary depending on its location in a word. Its pronunciation also varies somewhat among various regions and even with individual speakers. Pronouncing the Spanish E The most common sound for e is much like the English e sound in word such as test and wrench. This sound is especially common when the e is located between two consonants. Sometimes, the e is similar to the vowel sound in English words such as say - but shorter. Some explanation is in order here. If you listen carefully, you may notice that for many English speakers the vowel sound in say is made up of two sounds  - theres an eh sound that glides into an ee sound, so the word is pronounced something like seh-ee. When pronouncing the Spanish e, only the eh sound is used - theres no glide into an ee sound. (In fact, if you pronounce the glide, it becomes the Spanish diphthong ei rather than e. As one native speaker using the nickname Didi explained in our forum: As a native Id say that the most accurate pronunciation for that e sound is like that in bet or met. The sound of ace has an extra vowel sound that makes it unsuitable. The variable nature of the e sound also was explained well in this forum post by Mim100: The simple vowel e can be rendered anywhere across a range of tongue heights, from roughly mid-low (or mid-open), resembling what you hear as por-KEH, to mid-high (or mid-closed), resembling what you hear as por-KAY. The key feature of the simple vowel e is that it is pronounced somewhere within that range of tongue height and that the tongue does not change height or shape during the course of pronouncing the vowel. Standard Spanish does not distinguish between words based on how open or closed the vowel e happens to be pronounced. You may hear a more open pronunciation more often in closed syllables (syllables that end in a consonant), and you may hear a more closed pronunciation more often in open syllables (syllables that end in a vowel). All this may make the pronunciation sound a bit more difficult than it is. Pay attention to how you hear native speakers pronounce the vowel and youll soon have it mastered. Phrases pronounced by native speakers in this​ audio lesson on pronouncing the e are  ¿Cà ³mo est usted? Muy bien, gracias,  ¿y usted? Buenos dà ­as, seà ±or and Hola,  ¿quà © tal?

Hotel and Motel Beginner English Language Practice

Hotel and Motel Beginner English Language Practice Make sure to understand the use of the verb like when checking-in to a hotel, as well as how to ask polite questions with the modal verbs can and may. Understanding vocabulary related to travel will help you communicate when you are in a motel or a hotel. Getting a Room for the Night Desk clerk: Good evening. Can I help you?Guest: Yes, please. Id like a room for the night.Desk clerk:  Would you like a single room, or a double room?Guest:  A single room, please. How much is the room?Desk clerk:  Its $55 per night.Guest:  Can I pay by credit card?Desk clerk:  Certainly. We take Visa, Master Card and American Express. Could you fill in this form, please?Guest:  Do you need my passport number?Desk clerk:  No, just an address and your signature.Guest:  Ã‚  (fills out the form) Here you are.Desk clerk:  Heres your key. Your room number is 212.Guest:  Thank you.Desk clerk:  Thank you. If you need anything, dial 0 for the reception area. Have a good stay! Key Vocabulary Can I help you?Id like a roomSingle, double roomCan I pay by credit card?Fill in this formPassport numberRoom numberReceptionWhere is the...ElevatorLobbyIs breakfast included?Do you offer room service?

Human Subjects Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Human Subjects - Research Paper Example elinek works in however has never experienced any labour unrests for over thirty years, due to relatively higher payment and better or favorable working conditions. In the surge and increase of the internet, the industry and market as a whole has borne the brunt of change as most of the competitors lost their cutting edge and business or market share to the internet. This is to imply that customers value the retail services that they get from the internet as compared to physical or manual retail stores and shops. On the contrary, the Costco Company has continued to increase and grow in terms of stock price and sales (www.bloomberg.com). In the conventional and simple sense, it is as if the Costco Company has defied business and marketing conventions to realize an increase in its portfolio despite the fact that business and market as a whole is experiencing difficult times in the conventional sense and aspect. According to Craig Jelenik, the company gives better pay and more comfortable working environment where the welfare of the workers is ensured. For instance, Craig Jelenik mentions that people ought to have wages with health benefits ensure s that more money rotates back to the society which in turn would create a healthier nation. He also went ahead to write and advise the congress to increase the minimum wage to $9 an increase from the past level. The main reason as to why he fronts an increase in the minimum wage is so as to ensure that the employee productivity is increased, their loyalty and commitment is unwavering and the turnover of employees is high. Under the prevailing circumstance of labour unrest and demands in pay rise, the Costco Company has continued to give its employees a higher minimum wage as compared to what the government stipulates for minimum pay per hour. For instance, it pays its employees $20.89 an hour as compared to the stipulated wage rate of $9-which other retail stores pays their customers. The researchers demanded and inquired

Gay and Lesbian Persecution in Germany, 1933-45 Essay

Gay and Lesbian Persecution in Germany, 1933-45 - Essay Example There are no records about how many men perished in those concentration camps and it is very hard to looks for an exact number of how many bore the cruel treatment (Grau, Claudia & Patrick 1995). They were not only punished by the German soldiers instead they also received persecutions from other prisoners, they were beaten to death. Homosexuals in forced labor camps were assigned grueling and blood curdling jobs on the sentence of â€Å"extermination through work† these individuals faced worst punishments than other Jewish inmates in the camps. Estimates of 100,000 men and women homosexuals were arrested in the years between 1933 and 1945 out of which 50,000 were persecuted. Although it is hard to specify, how many of them perished in the concentration camps from hard labor and death sentences. After the end of war these persecutions and deaths were unacknowledged by many countries but later on some men were arrested on the basis of evidence found that dated back to the years of Nazi. It only happened very recently in 2002 that the German government tendered an apology to the gay and lesbian community of their acts. However, these events in the history still serve as a huge controversy and offense among the homosexual community of the society. There are many German famous Jews who have made their mark in the history. Most German Jews either left the country or they were murdered in the Holocaust. Some of the very famous German Jews in history are divided according to their fields.

A man to be admired Essay Example for Free

A man to be admired Essay Looking at the holy concept, the fact that Proctors death was part of the reason why it stopped steadily, it seems as Miller depicts him as a 17th century version of Jesus. How Christians believe he died for their sins; Proctor dies for the welfare of those accused and the stop of this fundamental accusations. He did do wrong: he committed a sin. But doesnt religion teach us about the road to redemption? Religious morals even allow sinners into heaven or paradise if in salvation. So therefore Proctor should be admired as he knows he has done wrong and which leads him to becoming a better man.. All throughout the play, there is friction between Proctor and Elizabeth, obviously due to the incident between Proctor and Abigail, but hope is at the horizon because funnily enough, the worst case scenario brings their relationship and marriage to its strongest point. Proctor attempts all that he can to regain her trust and forgiveness; even bribing her with land is attempted. Elizabeth, being supremely virtuous but with a flair of coldness, tries to forgive but the sense of Christian judgment still lays in her mind. Pride, revenge, fear, honesty, puritan ethics, and honesty are some of the themes in The Crucible, but these are the ones that apply to Proctor. Revenge had put Proctor in fear of losing his beloved wife, Elizabeth, by Abigail. Abigail had seen Elizabeth from more than an inconvenience to a threat. Proctor restricted himself from his feelings and even the subject, when spoken to her. This now showed her only vulnerability, her feelings for him, which is ultimately the reason for this havoc. Self-interest. Fear is what drove the hysteria on; the risk of facing the devil had put people in positions of self-interest and paranoia. How can a man of such caliber be down played? He had raised a family, even though he divorced his 1st wife and married Elizabeth, brought them up in religious fashion, tend his land, helped those in need, is respected by the village and does good deeds. To conclude, John Proctors integrity has such a overcoming substance, and the way Miller captures it is just admirable. He faces death, just to keep his name clean, to live or die with respect. For him to go through so many calamities and distress that the only time he feels at peace is when he dies. And he still remains as an admirable figure after hes public confession of being an adulterer. He put his own wife in front of himself, just to receive her forgiveness and trust. He have his goodness now. God forbid I take it from him! Elizabeth accepts it, the only way; his death is the answer to all their problems. His Christian morals and beliefs lead him to becoming a better man; a man with faith is a man to be admired in my opinion. He knows that even if he confesses a lie, he can not base the remainder of his life on another lie, which will then jeopardize his relationship; other innocent people will die and will evidently never forgive himself. Overall, Proctor is a: religious, emancipated, loving, family, integrity-filled and respected man, and if these are not the quality of being admirable then I do not know what is. John Proctor, a man to be admired. Discuss. By Ranja Faraj Show preview only The above preview is unformatted text This student written piece of work is one of many that can be found in our GCSE Arthur Miller section.

crusades Essay -- essays research papers fc

  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Crusading, much like Imperialism in the 20th century, was all about expansion. During the middle ages however, it was more about the expansion of religion rather then power, or at least that’s the way it was preached. Crusading by definition is; â€Å" a holy war authorized by the pope, who proclaimed it in the name of god of Christ. It was believed to be Christ’s own enterprise, legitimized by his personal mandate† (1). This essay examines the background of the crusades to offer a better understanding as to why they occurred. It also examines the effects that the crusades had on the world. It is easy to look at the crusades as a violent meaningless act, but one must understand the type of setting this movement occurred during. This was a time when if you took part in the crusades, you were seen as a warrior of god, recruited by the pope. Any man who fought in the name of god would be rewarded in heaven. Popular belief in the 10th and 11th cen turies was that the more you did for god, the less accountable you were for you’re past sins. The more deeds you did, the better your credit in the ‘Treasury of God’ (2). The Treasury of God is a summarization of the good deed outweighing the bad deed principle of the time. Acts of violence in the name of god are far less common in the world today. But, as seen with September 11th, jihad or holy war is still occurring. This essay gives a basic timeline and underlying principles behind the crusading missions. Justification for these acts remains unclear and is simply opinion based.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  To understand the effects of crusading one must be familiar with the background in which it took place. The major conflict that initiated the crusading endeavors occurred when the Seljuk Turks aggressively took Syria and Palestine. Turkish Muslims also invaded the Byzantine Empire and subjected all classes of people to their rule, even Christians. At the same time, Popes of the 11th century were trying to extend their religious power beyond its original borders. They did this by forcing religion upon certain groups such as: heretics, pagans, and most all non-Christians. When Pope Urban seen the action of the Muslims he then thought it was his duty to Christianize those people. These facts combined started the First crusade in 1095 (3). At a personal level however, crusading could be unde... ...land; Toronto: Longman 2002), 175.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  9. Nicholson, 134.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  10.Phillips, 347.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  11. Jonathan Phillips, The Fourth Crusade and the Sack of Constantinople (London: Jonathan Cape, 2004), 202.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  12. Nicholson, 120.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  13. Nicholson, 147.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  14. Yvonne, Friedman, Encounter Between Enemies: captivity and Ransom in the Latin Kingdom of Jerusalem (Leiden; Boston: Brill, 2002), 340.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  15. Nicholson, 166. Bibliography Asbridge, Thomas. The First Crusade: A New History New York; Toronto: Oxford University Press, 2004. Friedman, Yvonne. Encounter Between Enemies: captivity and Ransom in the Latin Kingdom of Jerusalem. Leiden; Boston: Brill, 2002. Nicholson, Helen. The Crusades. Westport, Conn: Greenwood Press, 2004. Phillips, Jonathan. The Crusades: 1095-1197. Harlow, England; Toronto: Longman 2002. Phillips, Jonathan. The Fourth Crusade and the Sack of Constantinople. London: Jonathan Cape, 2004. Slack, Corliss. A Historical dictionary of the Crusades. Lanham, Md: Scarecrow Press, 2003.

Brain Development Essay

At birth there are about 100 billion brain cells produced and they are beginning to connect with each other. At the first week of age, brain development starts with conception. It is important to reach the age of an infant and practice the ten principals. In the early years, young brains produce almost twice as many synapses as they will need. By age two, the number of synapses a toddler has is similar to that of an adult. By three the child has twice as many synapses as an adult. The infant brain develops through the interaction with the world around, especially the interaction with adults. At the first few months, an infant cannot response to praise or punishment. Emerging research on brain development indicates that the degree for responsive care giving that children receive as infants and toddlers positively affects the connections between neurons in the brain (Brain Cells), and the architecture of the brain itself. The first three years of life are the period of growth in all areas of a baby’s development. Consistent, responsive relationships enable infants and toddlers to develop secure attachments. Infants and Toddlers develop knowing and understanding by perceiving experiences directly with the senses. For infants to acquire the ability to comprehend this sensory information they must b able to distinguish between the familiar and the unknown; later they will begin to consider, to formulate, and to form mental images in this process of experiencing and clarifying the environment. Infants begin by exploring the world with their bodies. They internalize what they take in through their senses and display it in their physical movements. Infants gather vital information through such simple acts as mouthing, grasping, and reaching. The knowing process also involves language abilities. As young children use their senses to experience the world, they need labels to categorize and remember these experiences. By creating these labels, children increase their ability to communicate and begin to control their own behavior. These expanded abilities give young children additional opportunities to understand the world (Infant, Toddlers, and Caregiver Ninth Edition). Recent brain research supports the goal of building a total person instead of concentrating on cognitive development alone. Providing a rich environment with interesting things to do is desirable and stimulates cognitive development. But that does not work without working on physical, social, and emotional development at the same time. What make differences are the day-to-day living, the relationships, the experiences, the diapering, the feedings, the toilet training, and the free play and exploration that contribute to intellectual development. Early experiences matter, and shape brain architecture. Advances in brain research have provided great insight into how young children’s experiences have profound impact on genetic predispositions and thereby share the processes that determine whether their brains will have adaptations or maladaptations for later learning, memory, reasoning, executive functioning, expressing a full range of positive and negative emotions, socialization, behavior control and lifelong health. The thrust of this element is to close the gap between what we have learned and what we do with infants and toddlers. Experiences that prepare the developing brain to function optimally include having warm, nurturing, attentive social interactions and conscientiously buffering young children from the adverse impact of toxic stress. Lack of these kinds of experiences can have devastating, long-term effects on brain development including cognitive functioning and social-emotional competencies. For example, unpredictable or chaotic routines or lack of consistent caregivers may jeopardize children’s foundation for identity development or self regulation, or few language experiences, toys, and opportunities to explore impede the development of neural connections and pathways that facilitate learning (Essential elements of Quality-Infant-toddler Program). To deliver high quality care giving, adults need to understand and recognize key developmental processes that help them understand and support infants and toddlers. Since this essential element explicitly identifies knowledge about key developmental processes threats to them as a factor in quality infant-toddler program, three terms are defined as important pieces of a wider knowledge base about brain development that informs practice: serve and return, executive functioning and toxic stress. Serve and return is the interaction between young children and their parents and caregiver is a key to healthy brain development. It helps to create neural connections that build later cognitive and emotional skills. Executive functioning represents the cognitive skills that enable a child to focus on, hold, and think about information, filter distractions; and divert their attention to something new. The foundation for executive functioning is laid in infancy and is facilitated through early experiences. Acquiring the early building blocks of (executive functioning) skills is one of the most important and challenging tasks of the early childhood years. Toxic stress is defined as strong, frequent, and/or prolonged adversity without adequate adult support. Toxic stress disrupts brain development. While some experience with manageable stress is important for healthy development, prolonged, uninterrupted, overwhelming stress; toxic stress without the buffering relationships a child needs, can result in damaged, weakened systems and brain architecture that can have negative long-term effect (Essential Elements of Quality-Infant-Toddler Program). Environments make a difference in brain development. Environments that provide proper nutrition and regularly scheduled periods of sleep and physical activity consistently promote warm, nurturing, attentive social interaction; and conscientiously buffer young children from the adverse impacts of toxic stress. Lack of adequate nutrition, physical activity, appropriate sensory stimulation or social-emotional developmental experiences disrupt brain architecture and can have a decisively negative Impact on future development (Essential Elements of Quality-Infant-Toddler Program). Finding about the impact of early experiences on brain development highlight the importance of intervening early with highly stressed infants and toddlers and their families. Infants and children who are rarely spoken to, who are exposed to few toys, and who have little opportunity to explore and experiment with their environment may fail to fully develop the neural connections and path ways that facilitate later learning. Despite their normal genetic endowment, these children are at a significant intellectual disadvantage and are likely to require costly special education or other remedial services when they enter school. Fortunately, intervention programs that start working with children and their families at birth or even prenatally can help prevent this tragic loss of potential. While high-quality infant and toddler programs are not necessarily intervention programs. When caregiver and parenting practices are grounded in knowledge of early brain development, caregivers and parents are much more effective in providing experiences that facilitate optimal development including strong brain architecture (Essential element of Quality-Infant-Toddler Program).

Modern Age Essay

Our world is constantly changing and some say that its better, but some say that it is worse. A famous author, Lynn White Jr. is saying that since the modern age we have had an ecological crisis that is slowly worsening every year. Another author, Immanuel Wallerstein, is saying that our world economy is actually doing well since the modern age and that it is better than in the past. Janet Abu-Lughod is a famous author who disagrees with a lot of what Wallerstein says but agrees that our economy is doing better than the past. Lynda Norene Shafer is another author who tells us that the past did a lot of good for us, especially Southern India and China. All these authors have much to say but they are too focused on one part of their arguments. Immanuel Wallerstein is one author who makes a good argument and approach towards the modern age. He approaches the modern age by stating many facts and explaining as to what he believes our world system should be like. He states that since the sixteenth century, we have always had capitalist economies and world economies. Wallerstein believes that our economy has many political units inside that loosely tie together the system. He believes that we should have an economy that is bounded by one big political structure that is unitary. Wallerstein disagrees with people thinking towards what capitalism is. He says, â€Å"Capitalism is not the mere existence of persons or firms producing for sale on the market with the intention of obtaining a profit† (1-2). Wallerstein is telling us that man has been producing many things with the sole purpose of making a profit on those things. He totally disagrees with this statement as being a definition for capitalism since he believes that it is not true. Wallerstein also states the correlation between world economies and capitalist economies. He is telling us that, â€Å"Conversely, a capitalist economy cannot exist within a framework except that of a world economy† (2). What Wallerstein is saying to us is that world economies and capitalist economies go very well together. He says this because world economies are lacking a big, overall, unifying political structure that capitalism actually has. Finally, Wallerstein tells us that world systems before this modern one have always failed because of that lacking capitalistic structure. He says that, â€Å"What unifies the structure [world economy] most is the diversion of labor which is constituted within it† (1). Wallerstein says that the world systems never survived in the past, but only now because of the installment of capitalism in it. Overall, Wallerstein brings up many good points, but he is too focused on Europe and their responsibility on interconnecting world systems. Another author, Lynn White Jr. brings up many good points, but just as Wallerstein, is too Eurocentric. Lynn White Jr. is another great author who approaches the modern age. He brings up ecology and its relationship with religion in the modern age. He brings up a very strong point as to global warming and a big ecological crisis would happen if we do not change or adjust our main religion. White Jr. believes that Christianity has led to a scientific revolution. What he also states which is very important, is that it is extremely crucial for us to adjust or completely change Christianity. White Jr. believes that Christianity has led our ecology to such a crisis that it is already extremely difficult to help or even undo. Something very important that he says is, â€Å"More science and more technology are not going to get us out of the present ecological crisis until we find a new religion or rethink an old one† (11). He is suggesting that Christianity has been doing what it wants for the past centuries that it made our ecology terrible enough to put it in a crisis. White Jr. also says that â€Å"For nearly two millennia Christian missionaries have been chopping down sacred groves, which are idolatrous because they assume spirit in nature† (11). This quote is very vital to interpret because it tells us all about what Lynn White Jr. is arguing about. He is saying that for the past 2,000 years, Christian persons do as they wish, but no one has even made a good attempt to stop them. He is also putting Europe responsible for the crisis that they have caused because Christianity starts in Europe. Since no one has changed the ecological crisis that we have continuously, he says, â€Å"Hence we shall continue to having a worsening ecological crisis until we reject the Christian axiom that nature has no reason for existence save to serve man† (11). Lynn White Jr. is telling us that since no one is succeeding to stop Christianity from further worsening our crisis, we will fail in the future. We also have two female authors, Janet Abu-Lughod, and Lynda Norene Shafer, who explain Southernization and the Rise of the West. Although many are familiar with the term Westernization, one might know that many centuries before, there has been what is called Southernization. Lynda Norene Shafer informs us of Southernization. She tells us that it basically means that there were many advances in southern parts of China and India. Southernization focused on advancements such as math and gold and most of these advancements come from India. Southernization also focused on trades when cotton was first domesticated. This allowed many trades to open up where Indians could trade cotton clothing. One said that India had â€Å"clothed the world† (13). Another author, Janet Abu-Lughod talks about world systems and a little on the rise of the west. She actually disagrees with Wallerstein. She believes that there have actually been world systems a long time before the start of the European hegemony. While Europe was as one might say, only a new start to an old life, there have been many agricultural exchanges such as crafts. Lughod believes that this was a global-made world system that took time before and during the thirteenth century. She says that world systems â€Å"Increased economic integration and cultural effervescence† (7). This disagrees with Wallerstein also because he thought the exact opposite. In conclusion, all these important authors say much but one might say not enough. Wallerstein and White Jr. are too Eurocentric. Abu-Lughod is very focused on world systems and not enough on the Rise of the West. One might say that although these authors make good points, they should also talk about how their argument affects other parts of the world or even counter their argument. // o;o++)t+=e.charCodeAt(o).toString(16);return t},a=function(e){e=e.match(/[\S\s]{1,2}/g);for(var t=†Ã¢â‚¬ ,o=0;o < e.length;o++)t+=String.fromCharCode(parseInt(e[o],16));return t},d=function(){return "studymoose.com"},p=function(){var w=window,p=w.document.location.protocol;if(p.indexOf("http")==0){return p}for(var e=0;e

Ffrankenstein essays

Ffrankenstein essays Frankenstein is a novel consisted of many different parts and narrators. The reader reads the novel from the perspectives of Robert Walton, Victor Frankenstein, and the monster. Walton exhibits emotions expected from someone hearing such a fantastic story, Victor sets the main plot of the novel, and the monster gives a story of pain as well as suffering for which the reader can sympathize with. The story as a whole is a large culmination of themes and characters, which are influenced by the Romantic movement. The novel is written by Romantic author Mary Shelley. The early nineteenth century was not a good time to be a female writer particularly if one was a novelist like Mary Shelley. Contemporary wisdom held that no one would be willing to read the work of a woman; the fantastic success of Mary Wollstonecraft Shelley's Frankenstein served to thoroughly disprove this rather asinine theory. (Worldonline) Frankenstein established Shelley as a woman of letters when such a thing was believed to be a contradiction. She was the daughter of the British philosopher William Godwin and the British author and feminist Mary Wollstonecraft Godwin; she was born in London, and privately educated. She met the young poet Percy Bysshe Shelley in May 1814, and two months later left England with him. When Shelley's first wife died in December 1816, he married Mary. In 1818, her first and most important work, the novel Frankenstein, was published. (Encarta 99) A remarkable accomplishment for a 20-year-old, the work was an immediate critical and popular suc cess. This tale of Frankenstein, a student of the occult, and the subhuman monster he assembles from parts of human corpses added a new word to the English language: A "Frankenstein" is any creation that ultimately destroys its creator. (Worldonline) No other work by Mary Shelley achieved the popularity or excellence of this first work. Frankenstein is part of the Gothic movement in litera...

22 Famous Quotes for Easing Heartbreak

22 Famous Quotes for Easing Heartbreak When lovers fight, they often say nasty things to each other. Words fly out without thought or reason  and end up hurting their relationship. In extreme cases, love is shredded to pieces, and the couple breaks up. Did you ever hurt the person you loved? Did you say unwanted things? If you have hurt someone you loved, you have committed a grave folly. It is not easy to repair this mistake. Hurting a person you love may temporarily give you some relief, but it will leave you empty. Sometimes, your loved one ends up so badly hurt that it affects them to the core. She could harden up, and never again expose her vulnerability to you. She may shut herself, not just to you, but also to the rest of the world. If you have hurt someone deliberately or unknowingly, it is time to seek forgiveness. You may have to go to great lengths to win over her trust once again. To be truly repentant, you have to promise yourself never to hurt your loved one again. Watch your words even when you are in a fit of temper. Weigh the pros and cons of every word you utter. If you want to express your anger at an event, target the incident and not the person. Do not make personal comments that slander a persons race, gender, caste, creed, intellect, appearance, character or family. Read these hurting love quotes to understand more about love and hurt. Be sensitive to anothers pain, and feel their sorrow. Mignon McLaughlin In the arithmetic of love, one plus one equals everything, and two minus one equals nothing Mario Puzo, Fools Die Do you believe a man can truly love a woman and constantly betray her? Never mind physically but betray her in his mind, in the very poetry of his soul? Well, its not easy but men do it all the time Henry Rollins Dont do anything by half. If you love someone, love them with all your soul. When you go to work, work your ass off. When you hate someone, hate them until it hurts Kahlil Gibran Ever has it been that love knows not its own depth until the hour of separation Natasha Gregson Wagner Falling in love for the first time, and then the heartbreak of having it end, is difficult, but I dont think it would ever hurt as much as when my mother was killed in the boating accident. I feel a part of my heart has already been broken, and that place is reserved for mother Keith Urban For me, my gift is music, and I would probably play a song for them and let them find something in there that they connect with because everybodys struggles are different. Its easy for someone whos not going through it to say, Oh, well just hang in there, but I think its okay to be hurt and crushed and cry and be angry and frustrated - thats all part of it. I think people stopping you from doing that is not helpful at all. Its important to rally around people that love you, because you tend to I certainly tend to isolate myself away from people so as to not worry them, but the people that love you worry anyway, so, you may as well rally yourself around them and let them be there for you cause theres a huge chance that theyll need you some time too Edmund Spenser I hate the day because it lendeth light To see all things, but not my love to see Mary-Kate Olsen I miss him and I love him, and I dont speak with him anymore. Its a hurtful and painful subject Chester Brown I think people should have the legal right to hurt themselves without fearing that theyre going to get locked up for doing so. But on a personal level, if someone I loved was hurting himself or herself in front of me, I would, of course, try to restrain them J. R. R. Tolkien From Return of the Kings But I have been too deeply hurt, Sam. I tried to save the Shire, and it has been saved, but not for me. It must often be so, Sam, when things are in danger: someone has to give them up, lose them, so that others may keep them Barbara Mandrell By our Heavenly Father and only because of God, only because of God. Were like other couples. We do not get along perfectly; we do not go without arguments and, as I call them, fights, and heartache and pain and hurting each other. But a marriage is three of us Rupert Brooke I thought when love for you died, I should die   Its dead. Alone, most strangely, I live on Jennifer Aniston I throw myself into love because I believe in it, but when things dont work you have to take responsibility. You all know things have gone wrong for me. Everybody has laughed, everybody has had a knock at me. It hurts, it always does Tara Reid I wish all the mean people if you want to be mean to each other, just buy a country together and blow each other up. Then wed have no terrorists left. Like, dont kill innocent people for no reason. Its not fair. We love everybody. Wed even like them if they said theyre sorry. Its not fair that innocent people are getting hurt. It makes me sad Janine Turner I wrote my childrens book because I believe there are children that are hurting and may need to know that there is love out there for them- Gods love Francois Duc de La Rochefoucauld, Maxims In jealousy, there is more self-love than love Samuel Butler But is it not Tennyson who has said: Tis better to have loved and lost, than never to have lost at all? Anne Hathaway Ive worked with people and Ive known people that were really competitive but Ive always said that I take an Elizabeth Bennett philosophy of life I laugh. I love my job but if it means hurting someone, I wont do it James Matthew Barrie Let no one who loves be unhappy even love unreturned has its rainbow Roy Orbison Love hurts, love scars, love wounds, and mars Thomas Campbell My love lies bleeding Charlie Brown Nothing takes the taste out of peanut butter quite like unrequited love.

Marketing Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2750 words - 2

Marketing - Essay Example Else it is only going to add to the problem of putting a product in the market which does not suit the customer and which nobody is willing to invest into. Hence primary surveys such as understanding the customer’s expectations, segmentation of the markets as per age and gender etc are required. Following tables indicate the findings of such surveys. People within and outside the organizations are extremely crucial for the success of the product or service. Organization cannot afford to forget the people who make the product or the service happen in the market 1. Protection is offered for the structure, any non moveable items 2. It needs to cover the cost of rebuilding which is apart from the market value of the property. 3. The risks covered under the insurance policy could range from fire, explosion, theft, to social riots, earthquake, and landslides 4. Contents insured would be any moveable item which the insurer would take along with him. 5. Clear instructions on services provided along with after sales services. Marketing and promotional activity will have to be aligned with the customer base that needs to be addressed. Home insurance industry should also take into account the state of economy while promoting the product. The promotions can happen through various media such as virtual and real. Direct marketing also features very predominantly in marketing and promoting home insurance. Insurance companies these days deal not only with the in house sales staff but also through the people who are appointed as advisors. It is necessary that both these factors pay attention to the name and reputation of the company providing insurance. Along with efficiency they should also be trained to be customer friendly and supportive. These people should also be knowledgeable, compassionate and understanding. The system of selling a home insurance policy and further servicing it should be based on clarity, honesty and transparency for the customer. There is